没有一个大学，是比拥有我们从未使用过的能力的大自我和人类意志与理智所创造的现实，更能包罗万象的了。
Conversation1： Student and his history professor
学生去找professor问关于research paper里面的resource的事情。Professor 提到了 first resource & second resource。并且举例告诉了学生各是什么样的信息来源，像一些Letters， lectures， data。学生提到自己的topic是要写immigrants in US，里面会涉及到work and settlements，并且要与Germany 和France进行比较。 Professor提醒学生要注意两种resource的结合运用。
Lecture1： Ants ‘work allocation
先讲了insects的基本生活习性，后面具体讲到ants colony。 Ants会有一个queen去做一些评估分配，重点提到了ants’ work allocation， 有去patrolling，有去forage，还有一些for maintenance，他们会based on their current conditions 去改变和调整。然后详细讲解了ants怎么去patrolling，怎么去forage。并且通过一些他们的完成度可以去看他们更适合哪个role。但是这种习惯只适用于这种ants，每种都有their own different ways。
Lecture2： Brain function
讲了brain 在我们体内的重要性，并且有不同的functions的体现。提到了一种重要作用是FMRI （magnetic resonance imaging），对于memory有重要影响。提到了另一个要素prefrontal cortex，对于具体memorize的作用分成2种type，有对language 和meaning的影响。
Conversation2： Student and professor
professor 找学生说他的club的事情。学生的cooking club不太合乎规定，需要填一些paper来达到official club的规定。学生用另外一个hiking club的例子来讲专业正规的'club的那些规模设备问教授都是怎么来的。Professor说了申请后就可以，并且质疑了学生的cooking club不能只邀请自己的friends & classmates参加，要面向更多的群体；并且要确定meeting location。学生说都在计划中。
Lecture3：Various paper of artwork
先提到了water color对于artwork的作用。其中有一个重要特性是flute。 如果想要artwork more adorable，要选择light 性质的color。 有一些特殊的paper有fludsive material 影响。后面提到了digital technique的2种特征，可以spread all over the world，另外比较好preserve。教授让学生keep in mind什么样的artwork要选什么样的paper。
Lecture4：Sand dunes
先讲到soil的一些特性。具体提到了sand dune。 一般sand dune的out layer是比较dry， less moisture并且比较松的。Inside layer 是相反的。讲到了desert里面关于sounds的一些特征。中间有与学生的对话，学生用自己的宿舍作为例子说了关于echo的一些解释。
PASSAGE 13
Any rock that has cooled and solidified from a molten state is an igneous rock. Therefore, if the Earth began as a superheated sphere in space, all the rocks making up its crust may well have been igneous and thus the ancestors of all other rocks. Even today, approximately 95 percent of the entire crust is igneous. Periodically, molten material wells out of the Earth's interior to invade the surface layers or to flow onto the surface itself. This material cools into a wide variety of igneous rocks. In the molten state, it is called magma as it pushes into the crust and lava when it runs out onto the surface.
All magma consists basically of a variety of silicate minerals (high in silicon-oxygen compounds), but the chemical composition of any given flow may differ radically from that of any other. The resulting igneous rocks will reflect these differences. Igneous rocks also vary in texture as well as chemistry. Granite, for instance, is a coarse-grained igneous rock whose individual mineral crystals have formed to a size easily seen by the naked eye. A slow rate of cooling has allowed the crystals to reach this size. Normally, slow cooling occurs when the crust is invaded by magma that remains buried well below the surface. Granite may be found on the surface of the contemporary landscape, but from its coarse texture we know that it must have formed through slow cooling at a great depth and later been laid bare by erosion. Igneous rocks with this coarse-grained texture that formed at depth are called plutonic.
On the other hand, if the same magma flows onto the surface and is quickly cooled by the atmosphere, the resulting rock will be fine-grained and appear quite different from granite, although the chemical composition will be identical. This kind of rock is called rhyolite. The most finely grained igneous rock is volcanic glass or obsidian, which has no crystals. Some researchers believe this is because of rapid cooling; others believe it is because of a lack of water vapor and other gases in the lava. The black obsidian cliffs of Yellowstone National Park are the result of a lava flow of basalt running head on into a glacier. Some of the glacier melted on contact, but suddenly there also appeared a huge black mass of glassy stone.
1. In the first paragraph, the author mentions that 95% of the Earth's crust is composed of
igneous rock to support the idea that
(A) the Earth began as a molten mass
(B) a thin layer of magma flows beneath the Earth's crust
(C) the minerals found in igneous rock are very common
(D) igneous rock is continually being formed
2. The word invade in line 5 is closest in meaning to
(A) move into
(B) neutralize
(C) cover
(D) deposit
3. The word contemporary in line 15 is closest in meaning to
A) vast
(B) natural
(C) existing
(D) uneven
4. The word it in line 16 refers to
(A) granite
(B) surface
(C) landscape
(D) texture
5. Granite that has been found above ground has been
(A) pushed up from below the crust by magma
(B) produced during a volcanic explosion
(C) gradually exposed due to erosion
(D) pushed up by the natural shifting of the Earth
6. Which of the following is produced when magma cools rapidly?
(A) granite
(B) plutonic rock
(C) rhyolite
(D) mineral crystals
7. The word finely in line 22 is closest in meaning to
(A) minutely
(B) loosely
(C) sensitively
(D) purely
8. Which of the following is another name for volcanic glass?
(A) Plutonic rock
(B) Crystal
(C) Lava
(D) Obsidian
PASSAGE 22
Throughout the nineteenth century and into the twentieth, citizens of the United States maintained a bias against big cities. Most lived on farms and in small towns and believed cities to be centers of corruption, crime, poverty, and moral degradation. Their distrust was caused, in part, by a national ideology that proclaimed farming the greatest occupation and rural living superior to urban living. This attitude prevailed even as the number of urban dwellers increased and cities became an essential feature of the national landscape. Gradually, economic reality overcame ideology. Thousands abandoned the precarious life on the farm for more secure and better paying jobs in the city. But when these people migrated from the countryside, they carried their fears and suspicious with them. These new urbanities, already convinced that cities were overwhelmed with great problems, eagerly embraced the progressive reforms that promised to bring order out of the chaos of the city.
One of many reforms came in the area of public utilities. Water and sewerage systems were usually operated by municipal governments, but the gas and electric networks were privately owned. Reformers feared that the privately owned utility companies would charge exorbitant rates for these essential services and deliver them only to people who could afford them. Some city and state governments responded by regulating the utility companies, but a number of cities began to supply these services themselves. Proponents of these reforms argued that public ownership and regulation would insure widespread access to these utilities and guarantee a fair price.
While some reforms focused on government and public behavior, others looked at the cities as a whole. Civic leaders, convinced that physical environment influenced human behavior, argued that cities should develop master plans to guide their future growth and development. City planning was nothing new, but the rapid industrialization and urban growth of the late nineteenth century took place without any consideration for order. Urban renewal in the twentieth century followed several courses. Some cities introduced plans to completely rebuild the city core. Most other cities contented themselves with zoning plans for regulating future growth. Certain parts of town were restricted to residential use, while others were set aside for industrial or commercial development.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) A comparison of urban and rural life in the early twentieth century
(B) The role of government in twentieth century urban renewal
(C) Efforts to improve urban life in the early twentieth century
(D) Methods of controlling urban growth in the twentieth century
2. The word bias in line 2 is closest in meaning to
(A) diagonal
(B) slope
(C) distortion
(D) prejudice
3. The first paragraph suggests that most people who lived in rural areas
(A) were suspicious of their neighbors
(B) were very proud of their lifestyle
(C) believed city government had too much power
(D) wanted to move to the cities
4. In the early twentieth century, many rural dwellers migrated to the city in order to
(A) participate in the urban reform movement
(B) seek financial security
(C) comply with a government ordinance
(D) avoid crime and corruption
5. The word embraced in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) suggested
(B) overestimated
(C) demanded
(D) welcomed
6. What concern did reformers have about privately owned utility companies?
(A) They feared the services would not be made available to all city dwellers.
(B) They believed private ownership would slow economic growth
(C) They did not trust the companies to obey the government regulations.
(D) They wanted to ensure that the services would be provided to rural areas.
7. The word exorbitant in line 16 is closest in meaning to
(A) additional
(B) expensive
(C) various
(D) modified
8. All of the following were the direct result of public utility reforms EXCEPT
(A) local governments determined the rates charged by private utility companies
(B) some utility companies were owned and operated by local governments
(C) the availability of services was regulated by local government
(D) private utility companies were required to pay a fee to local governments
9. The word Proponents in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) Experts
(B) Pioneers
(C) Reviewers
(D) Supporters
10. Why does the author mention industrialization (line 24)?
(A) To explain how fast urban growth led to poorly designed cities
(B) To emphasize the economic importance of urban areas
(C) To suggest that labor disputes had become an urban problem
(D) To illustrate the need for construction of new factories
答案：CDBBD ABDDA
C1: 校园对话
学生找老师讨论一个poem reading的活动，因为原来准备参加的W教授有事不能来了，会有另一个PG教授来做演讲，然后介绍了这个人的诗歌风格有关孤独，能够引起大家的共鸣。随后说到为了给社团poem club筹钱，学生想要卖postcards赚钱，上面会写一些特别的诗且每一张都不相同。学生想要老师给一块场地来出售postcards。老师同意这个想法，并且需要学生填写表格。
名师解析：
关于校园活动的话题是托福听力必考内容之一，考生在备考时应注意分场景把常见的话题梳理一遍，如本次考试涉及的社团话题，应重点听清楚社团想做的活动内容和目的为何。同时提到较为学术的内容时，需要更加细致的记笔记，如本文中提到另一位教授的诗歌风格需要认真记录。最后提醒各位考生，对话部分的主旨题偶尔会出现在文章的靠后位置，关注学生是否提到信号词“我来是为了…”不要盲目的选择开头内容。
相关练习：
TPO2-C2，TPO23-C1，TPO30-C1
L1: 艺术
讲座主要介绍了如何保存油画，光对于画作会产生伤害。首先介绍了紫外线(ultraviolet)因为波长短所以能量大，会破坏颜料里的有机物，就像太阳晒伤皮肤一样，所以可以采取过滤这种光线的装置来保护油画。然后介绍了红外线(infrared)会产生热量，导致周围环境温度变高，颜料和木头画框开裂从而造成破坏。但是我们必须要有光来欣赏作品，所以伤害无法避免。后续又说到如果没有光线照射的话，油画会有yellowish ,smoky的appearance,且一面有光线照射和一面没有光线照射的油画，光的破坏作用在两面的对比很明显。
名师解析：
作为讲座中必然会出现的艺术类话题，本次考试的主题——艺术品保存在TPO中并不常见。但是本篇讲座的结构性非常清晰，考生在做笔记时需要按照两种不同波长的光线进行分段，并且对于场景词汇“红外线”(infrared)和“紫外线”(ultraviolet)必须熟练做到听音辨意。本文中还出现了大量美术类场景单词，如pigment，wooden frame，canvas等，注意在平时练习中加以积累。
相关练习：
TPO17-L1，TPO42-L1，TPO19-L4
L2: 生物
讲座介绍了鸟类制作工具的现象。有一种叫NC crow的鸟，抚养后代需要20个月，十分注重家庭生活。这种鸟属于鹰类，很聪明，会制作两种工具。一种细树枝(stick tool)，可以抓树洞独立的虫子；另一种锯齿状的树叶工具(leaf tool)。这些鸟会教孩子做工具的步骤，一个家族中年轻的NC crows会在旁边观察父母是如何制作工具的，这个学习的`过程比较漫长且复杂。这些鸟学习做工具的技能是纵向的(vertical)，即从父母那里学习，所以父母的工具偏好小鸟也会有，一个家族中的年轻的NC crow生产出来的工具大多一样。最后说这些鸟也会捡到其他鸟抛弃的工具，顺便学到一点。
名师解析：
动物行为类话题需要考生重点听教授对这种特定行为的解释，以及� 本文中对于鸟制作工具进行了详细阐述，并且分成两类，听力笔记注意分层次把每一种工具的名字和对应的功能记下来。后文中提到子女和父母学习的过程也比较常考，需要注意父母如何教授技能，以及后代和父母的行为是否存在异同。
相关练习：
TPO11-L1，TPO4-L1，TPO8-L1，TPO28-L2
C2: 学术对话
学生和教授讨论一个有关画家Ammi Phillips 的presentation。教授表示这个画家很厉害，但是学生的presentation内容太多且每个内容都太简单。学生说因为只有10分钟。学生还用 Phillips的一幅画为例，说明这个人在色彩方面的成就让他印象深刻，画中的女性皮肤白的透明，但是头发是橙红色并且背了一个绿色的包。教授介绍这个画家的风格可以分成几个阶段，建议学生从画家的风格中挑选一个阶段做presentation。
名师解析：
本篇学术谈话类对话的讨论主题是如何做presentation，相信熟悉TPO的考生对此套路不会陌生。文章按照惯常的提出目的(做关于艺术家的presentation)，展开细节(艺术家风格复杂，时间紧张)，最后提出解决方案(选一部分风格来讲)一气呵成。需要考生们特别注意教授提出异议的部分和对于艺术家风格展开讨论的部分，是常见的出题点。
相关练习：
TPO33-C2，TPO26-C2，TPO30-C2
L3 天文学
教授首先介绍了牛顿在解释太阳系形成方面的理论有问题，指出太阳系的行星分布不是静态的。随后提出一个新的理论叫做N model，可以很好的解释太阳系的形成和发展。观点指出，outer planets(木星土星天王星海王星)一开始是聚集在一起的，但是由于gravity的相互作用导致彼此分开。具体以Jupiter为例说明这个观点。并进一步说明N model不仅可以预测行星的存在，还可以解释月球上的陨石坑的如何形成。但是后来教授指出N model有两个问题：1. 月球上的陨石坑有46亿年，并不是后期的石头砸的；2. 如果按照这个模型，月球的inner orbit 不会受到影响，但事实受到了影响。结论是仍需继续研究。
名师解析：
天文学讲座中对于太阳系的讨论十分频繁，需要备考的同学首先对于天文学场景词汇熟背于心，如本文中出现的各行星名字以及陨石坑crater。天文学话题常见的套路之一是介绍一种形成或运动理论以及讨论其可行性，本文即使如此。对于N model的阐述是我们需要重点听和记录的部分。同时，后文提出该理论存在的两个问题需要分层记录，多出现双选细节题。最后教授对于该理论的态度是支持、反对抑或不确定也是出现态度题的考点。
相关练习：
TPO13-L4，TPO41-L4，TPO30-L3
L4 考古学
教授首先介绍一个Parthian Empire，并通过师生互动指出这是一个2000年前的village。最近考古学家们在这里发现了一些空陶罐，内部含有iron rod，有腐蚀的痕迹，而且是含酸的液体腐蚀出来的，于是考古学家认为这是一种古代电池。通过实验仿制了一个电池，发现能够发电但是电量很小。然后教授讨论了古代人发电的用途：一种理论是用来做针灸，教授个人不是很赞同这个理论，那个时候针灸的使用并不普遍。第二种理论是用来做电镀的(electric plating)，比如银镀金(gilding)。但是还有一个问题，并没有出土电线或其他导体，所以还不能下结论。
名师解析：
考古学讲座中教授通常会介绍一个神奇的考古发现，如本文中的古代电池。考生需要注意以下几点：发掘物品的名称，功能，构造，有何意义等。本文重点讲了电池的两个功能，段落感也比较清晰。但是出现了较难的学术词汇(gild：电镀)注意积累。另外，本文所讲内容在TPO25的综合写作中出现过，是对综合文本的延伸和扩充，考生在备考时需要多多积累背景知识，综合写作和口语部分的音频也是练习听力的理解素材。
相关练习：
TPO23-L1，TPO32-L1，TPO29-L3
PASSAGE 34
Matching the influx of foreign immigrants into the larger cities of the United States during the late nineteenth century was a domestic migration, from town and farm to city, within the United States. The country had been overwhelmingly rural at the beginning of the century, with less than 5 percent of Americans living in large towns or cities. The proportion of urban population began to grow remarkably after 1840, increasing from 11 percent that year to 28 percent by 1880 and to 46 percent by 1900. A country with only 6 cities boasting a population of more than 8,000 in 1800 had become one with 545 such cities in 1900. Of these, 26 had a population of more than 100,000 including 3 that held more than a million people. Much of the migration producing an urban society came from smaller towns within the United States, but the combination of new immigrants and old American settlers on America's urban frontier in the late nineteenth century proved extraordinary.
The growth of cities and the process of industrialization fed on each other. The agricultural revolution stimulated many in the countryside to seek a new life in the city and made it possible for fewer farmers to feed the large concentrations of people needed to provide a workforce for growing numbers of factories. Cities also provided ready and convenient markets for the products of industry, and huge contracts in transportation and construction — as well as the expanded market in consumer goods — allowed continued growth of the urban sector of the overall economy of the Untied States.
Technological developments further stimulated the process of urbanization. One example is the Bessemer converter (an industrial process for manufacturing steel), which provided steel girders for the construction of skyscrapers. The refining of crude oil into kerosene, and later the development of electric lighting as well as of the telephone, brought additional comforts to urban areas that were unavailable to rural Americans and helped attract many of them from the farms into the cities. In every era the lure of the city included a major psychological element for country people: the bustle and social interaction of urban life seemed particularly intriguing to those raised in rural isolation.
1. What aspects of the United States in the nineteenth century does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Technological developments
(B) The impact of foreign immigrants on cities
(C) Standards of living
(D) The relationship between industrialization and urbanization
2. The word influx in line 1 is closest in meaning to
(A) working
(B) processing
(C) arrival
(D) attraction
3. The paragraph preceding the passage most probably discuss
(A) foreign immigration
(B) rural life
(C) the agricultural revolution
(D) famous cities of the twentieth century
4. What proportion of population of the United States was urban in 1900?
(A) Five percent
(B) Eleven percent
(C) Twenty-eight percent
(D) Forty-six percent
5. The word extraordinary in line 12 is closet in meaning to
(A) expensive
(B) exceptional
(C) supreme
(D) necessary
6. The phrase each other in line 13 refers to
(A) foreign immigrants and domestic migrants
(B) farms and small towns
(C) growth of cities and industrialization
(D) industry and transportation
7. The word stimulated in line 14 is closest in meaning to
(A) forced
(B) prepared
(C) limited
(D) motivated
8. Why does the author mention electric lighting and the telephone in line 23?
(A) They contributed to the agricultural revolution
(B) They are examples of the conveniences of city life
(C) They were developed by the same individual.
(D) They were products of the Bessemer converter.
9. The word them in line 25 refers to
(A) urban areas
(B) rural Americans
(C) farms
(D) cities
10. The word era in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) period of time
(B) location
(C) action
(D) unique situation
11. The word intriguing in line 27 is closest in meaning to
(A) profitable
(B) attractive
(C) comfortable
(D) challenging
PASSAGE 34 DCADB CDBBA B
PASSAGE 19
The principal difference between urban growth in Europe and in the North American colonies was the slow evolution of cities in the former and their rapid growth in the latter. In Europe they grew over a period of centuries from town economies to their present urban structure. In North America, they started as wilderness communities and developed to mature urbanism in little more than a century.
In the early colonial days in North America, small cities sprang up along the Atlantic Coastline, mostly in what are now New England and Middle Atlantic states in the United States and in the lower Saint Lawrence valley in Canada. This was natural because these areas were nearest to England and France, particularly England, from which most capital goods (assets such as equipment) and many consumer goods were imported. Merchandising establishments were, accordingly, advantageously located in port cities from which goods could be readily distributed to interior settlements. Here, too, were the favored locations for processing raw materials prior to export. Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Montreal, and other cities flourished, and, as the colonies grew, these cities increased in importance.
This was less true in the colonial South, where life centered around large farms, known as plantations, rather than around towns, as was the case in the areas further north along the Atlantic coastline. The local isolation and the economic self-sufficiency of the plantations were antagonistic to the development of the towns. The plantations maintained their independence because they were located on navigable streams and each had a wharf accessible to the small shipping of that day. In fact, one of the strongest factors in the selection of plantation land was the desire to have its front on a water highway.
When the United States became an independent nation in 1776, it did not have a single city as large as 50,000 inhabitants, but by 1820 it had a city of more than 10,000 people, and by 1880 it had recorded a city of over one million. It was not until after 1823, after the mechanization of the spinning had weaving industries, that cities started drawing young people away from farms.
Such migration was particularly rapid following the Civil War (1861-1865).
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) Factors that slowed the growth of cities in Europe.
(B) The evolution of cities in North America
(C) Trade between North American and European cities
(D) The effects of the United Sates' independence on urban growth in New England.
2. The word they in line 4 refers to
(A) North American colonies
(B) cities
(C) centuries
(D) town economies
3. The passage compares early European and North American cities on the basis of which of the
following?
(A) Their economic success
(B) The type of merchandise they exported
(C) Their ability to distribute goods to interior settlements
(D) The pace of their development
4. The word accordingly in line 11 is closest in meaning to
(A) as usual
(B) in contrast
(C) to some degree
(D) for that reason
5. According to the passage , early colonial cities were established along the Atlantic coastline of
North America due to
(A) an abundance of natural resources
(B) financial support from colonial governments
(C) proximity to parts of Europe
(D) a favorable climate
6. The passage indicates that during colonial times, the Atlantic coastline cities prepared which of
the following for shipment to Europe?
(A) Manufacturing equipment
(B) Capital goods
(C) Consumer goods
(D) Raw materials
7. According to the passage , all of the following aspects of the plantation system influenced the
growth of southern cities EXCEPT the
(A) location of the plantations
(B) access of plantation owners to shipping
(C) relationships between plantation residents and city residents
(D) economic self-sufficiency of the plantations
8. It can be inferred from the passage that, in comparison with northern cities, most southern
cities were
(A) more prosperous
(B) smaller
(C) less economically self-sufficient
(D) tied less closely to England than to France
9. The word recorded in line 26 is closest in meaning to
(A) imagined
(B) discovered
(C) documented
(D) planned
10. The word drawing in line 28 is closest in meaning to
(A) attracting
(B) employing
(C) instructing
(D) representing
11. The passage mentions the period following the Civil War (line 29) because it was a time of
(A) significant obstacles to industrial growth
(B) decreased dependence on foreign trade
(C) increased numbers of people leaving employment on farms
(D) increased migration from northern states to southern states
答案：BBDDC DCBCA C
PASSAGE 25
The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early twentieth century when it was recognized for the first time that food contained constituents that were essential for human function and that different foods provided different amounts of these essential agents. Near the end of this era, research studies demonstrated that rapid weight loss was associated with nitrogen imbalance and could only be rectified by providing adequate dietary protein associated with certain foods.
The second era was initiated in the early decades of the twentieth century and might be called the vitamin period. Vitamins came to be recognized in foods, and deficiency syndromes were described. As vitamins became recognized as essential food constituents necessary for health, it became tempting to suggest that every disease and condition for which there had been no previous effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy. At that point in time, medical schools started to become more interested in having their curricula integrate nutritional concepts into the basic sciences. Much of the focus of this education was on the recognition of vitamin deficiency symptoms. Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine. Reckless claims were made for effects of vitamins that went far beyond what could actually be achieved from the use of them.
In the third era of nutritional history in the early 1950's to mid-1960s, vitamin therapy began to fall into disrepute. Concomitant with this, nutrition education in medical schools also became less popular. It was just a decade before this that many drug companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a variety of health-related conditions. Expectations as to the success of vitamins in disease control were exaggerated. As is known in retrospect, vitamin and mineral therapies are much less effective when applied to health-crisis conditions than when applied to long-term problems of undernutrition that lead to chronic health problems.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The effects of vitamins on the human body
(B) The history of food preferences from the nineteenth century to the present
(C) The stages of development of clinical nutrition as a field of study
(D) Nutritional practices of the nineteenth century
2. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the following discoveries was made during the first era in the history of nutrition?
(A) Protein was recognized as an essential component of diet.
(B) Vitamins were synthesized from foods.
(C) Effective techniques of weight loss were determined.
(D) Certain foods were found to be harmful to good health.
3. The word tempting in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) necessary
(B) attractive
(C) realistic
(D) correct
4. It can be inferred from the passage that medical schools began to teach concepts of nutrition
in order to
(A) convince medical doctors to participate in research studies on nutrition
(B) encourage medical doctors to apply concepts of nutrition in the treatment of disease
(C) convince doctors to conduct experimental vitamin therapies on their patients
(D) support the creation of artificial vitamins
5. The word Reckless in line 18 is closest in meaning to
(A) recorded
(B) irresponsible
(C) informative
(D) urgent
6. The word 'them in line 19 refers to
(A) therapies
(B) claims
(C) effects
(D) vitamins
7. Why did vitamin therapy begin losing favor in the 1950's
(A) The public lost interest in vitamins.
(B) Medical schools stopped teaching nutritional concepts.
(C) Nutritional research was of poor quality
(D) Claims for the effectiveness of vitamin therapy were seen to be exaggerated.
8. The phrase concomitant with in line 21 is closest in meaning to
(A) in conjunction with
(B) prior to
(C) in dispute with
(D) in regard to
9. The word skyrocketing in line 23 is closest in meaning to
(A) internationally popular
(B) increasing rapidly
(C) acceptable
(D) surprising
10. The word extolling in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) analyzing
(B) questioning
(C) praising
(D) promising
11. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses
(A) the fourth era of nutrition history
(B) problems associated with undernutrition
(C) how drug companies became successful
(D) why nutrition education lost its appeal
PASSAGE 25 CABBB DDABC A